Suchergebnisse

French military pilot instructors generally state that the teaching of the "right" ocular behavior represents a difficulty at the beginning of the piloting training. This kind of ocular behavior allows to quickly and regularly view a set of cockpit instruments while monitoring the outside environment. However, instructors often observe student pilots remain concentrated for long seconds inside the cockpit at the expense of scanning out of the window (e.g., to see and avoid mid - air collisions). This thesis focuses on how to optimize the learning of piloting by improving the education of the ocular behav ior. In several fields (e.g., medical, aeronautics), different methods of educating the ocular behavior have demonstrated their effectiveness in their ability to optimize the learning of a task. Indeed, with the same training time, people who have benefite d from an education of their ocular behavior have shown a superiority in performance, efficiency or resistance to stress when performing the task involved. However, the education of ocular behavior has received few empirical validations in the field of piloting training (Ziv, 2016). Our analysis of the literature reveals that this may be due to difficulties in the technical and methodological implementation (e.g., real - time analysis of the gaze location) inherent in the dynamic and complex nature of the piloting situation (Eyrolle, Mariné & Mailles, 1996). This multidisciplinary thesis (i.e., Human - Computer Interactions & Human Factors) proposes a new approach to try to go beyond these limits. In order to educate the ocular behavior of the pilot students, we first modeled the characteristics of the ocular behavior to be adopted. Then we designed, developed and validated experimentally a first specific tool, the PilotGazeTrainer (a soft ware), which allows the implementation of a new method of education of the ocular behavior. This method is based on two essential principles: the permanent analysis of the participant's ocular behavior, and the production in real - time of visual or sound fe edbacks based on the results of this analysis. In order to evaluate this new method, we performed several experiments on a flight simulator. We also developed a piloting microworld, to assess our method on a non - pilot population as a precautionary measure. The first results show that our method allows a lasting modification of the ocular behavior in a very short intervention time. These behavioral results also revealed the potential of the developed tools - the tFlyingTask microworld and the PilotGaz eTrainer - to educate ocular behavior in many dynamic and complexe situations (e.g. driving) ; Une des difficultés fréquemment rapportées par les instructeurs - pilotes et les moniteurs - simulateurs de l'Armée de l'air concerne l'enseignement du « bon » comportement oculaire chez les élèves - pilotes en début de formation. Un « bon » comportement oculaire permet généralement de visionner rapidement et régulièrement un ensemble d'instruments du cockpit tout en surveillant l'environnement extérieur. Or, il est fréquent de voir les jeunes élèves - pilotes rester focalisés de longues secondes à l'intérieur du cockpit au détriment notamment, de la surveillance du ciel ( i.e. voir et éviter les dangers extérieurs) Cette thèse s'intéresse à la manière d' optimiser l'apprentissage du pilotage par l'amélioration de l'éducation du comportement oculaire . Dans divers domaines ( e.g ., médical, aéronautique), différentes méthodes d'éducation du comportement oculaire ont démontré leur efficacité quant à leur capacité à optimiser le temps d'apprentissage d'une tâche. En effet, à durée d'entraînement égale, les personnes qui ont bénéficié d'une éducation de leur comportement oculaire ont montré une supériorité dans la performance, l'efficience ou la résistance au stress lors de la réalisation des tâches concernées. Toutefois, l'éducation du comportement oculaire n'a reçu que très peu de validation empirique dans le domaine de la formation au pilotage (Ziv, 2016). Notre analyse de la littérature révèle que cela pourrait être dû à des difficultés de mise en œuvre technique et méthodologique ( e.g., analyse en temps - réel du regard) inhérentes à la nature dynamique et complexe de l'activité de pilotage (Eyrolle, Mariné & Mailles, 1996). Cette thèse pluridisciplinaire ( i.e ., Interactions Homme - Machine & Facteurs Humains) propose une nouvelle approche visant à essayer de dépasser ces limites. Dans le but d'éduquer le comportement oculaire des élèves - pilotes, nous avons tout d'abord cherché à modéliser les caractéristiques du comportement oculaire à adopter. Puis nous avons conçu, développé et validé expérimentalement un premier outil spécifique, le PilotGazeTrainer (un logiciel informatique), permettant de mettre en œuvre une nouvelle méthode d'éducation du comportement oculaire. Cette méthode est basée sur deux principes essentiels : l'analyse permanente du regard du participant, et l'affichage en temps - réel de feedbacks visuels ou sonores en fonction des résultats de l'analyse oculaire. Afin d'évaluer cette nouvelle méthode, nous avons réalisé plusieurs expérimentations sur un simulateur de vol. Nous avons également développé un micromonde de pilotage, l' FlyingTask , dans le but de pouvoir aussi étudier notre méthode sur une population de non - pilote. Les premiers résultats montrent que notre méthode permet, en très peu de temps, une modification durable du comportement oculaire . Ces résultats comportementaux ont également révélé le potentiel des outils développés – le micromonde tFlyingTask et le PilotGazeTrainer – pour éduquer le comportement oculaire dans des domaines dont la nature de l'activité est reconnue comme dynamique et complexe ( e.g. conduite automobile)

French military pilot instructors generally state that the teaching of the "right" ocular behavior represents a difficulty at the beginning of the piloting training. This kind of ocular behavior allows to quickly and regularly view a set of cockpit instruments while monitoring the outside environment. However, instructors often observe student pilots remain concentrated for long seconds inside the cockpit at the expense of scanning out of the window (e.g., to see and avoid mid - air collisions). This thesis focuses on how to optimize the learning of piloting by improving the education of the ocular behav ior. In several fields (e.g., medical, aeronautics), different methods of educating the ocular behavior have demonstrated their effectiveness in their ability to optimize the learning of a task. Indeed, with the same training time, people who have benefite d from an education of their ocular behavior have shown a superiority in performance, efficiency or resistance to stress when performing the task involved. However, the education of ocular behavior has received few empirical validations in the field of piloting training (Ziv, 2016). Our analysis of the literature reveals that this may be due to difficulties in the technical and methodological implementation (e.g., real - time analysis of the gaze location) inherent in the dynamic and complex nature of the piloting situation (Eyrolle, Mariné & Mailles, 1996). This multidisciplinary thesis (i.e., Human - Computer Interactions & Human Factors) proposes a new approach to try to go beyond these limits. In order to educate the ocular behavior of the pilot students, we first modeled the characteristics of the ocular behavior to be adopted. Then we designed, developed and validated experimentally a first specific tool, the PilotGazeTrainer (a soft ware), which allows the implementation of a new method of education of the ocular behavior. This method is based on two essential principles: the permanent analysis of the participant's ocular behavior, and the ...

Objective: Military pilot training is demanding and every day student pilots must demonstrate their ability to progress, at the risk of being excluded. From the first hours of flight, instructors assess students on their ability to manage flying situations. To do this, the students' attention skills, especially visual, are examined through their ocular behaviour. Two aspects of the ocular behaviour of student pilots are of particular interest to instructors: speed and completeness of the visual scan. However, it is not easy to quantify these two notions objectively. We have sought to objectify the notion of speed of the visual scan by providing tangible and reusable metrics to improve understanding and communication on the topic.

International audience ; French ab initio military pilots are trained to operate a new generation of aircraft equipped with glass cockpit avionics (Rafale, A400 M). However gaze scanning teachings can still be improved and remain a topic of great interest. Eye tracking devices can record trainee gaze patterns in order to compare them with correct ones. This paper presents experimentation conducted in a controlled simulation environment where trainee behaviors were analyzed with notifications given in real-time. In line with other research in civil aviation, this experimentation shows that student-pilots spend too much time looking at inboard instruments (inside the cockpit). In addition, preliminary results show that different notifications bring modifications of the visual gaze pattern. Finally we discuss future strategies to support a more efficient pilot training thanks to real-time gaze recording and its analysis.

International audience ; French ab initio military pilots are trained to operate a new generation of aircraft equipped with glass cockpit avionics (Rafale, A400 M). However gaze scanning teachings can still be improved and remain a topic of great interest. Eye tracking devices can record trainee gaze patterns in order to compare them with correct ones. This paper presents experimentation conducted in a controlled simulation environment where trainee behaviors were analyzed with notifications given in real-time. In line with other research in civil aviation, this experimentation shows that student-pilots spend too much time looking at inboard instruments (inside the cockpit). In addition, preliminary results show that different notifications bring modifications of the visual gaze pattern. Finally we discuss future strategies to support a more efficient pilot training thanks to real-time gaze recording and its analysis.

Objective: We tested a training method intended to prevent unsafe aeronautical behavior (i.e., too much time spent gazing inside the cockpit) induced by the modern cockpit, by teaching individuals to perform a task complementing the see-and-avoid mandatory safety task within a limited time interval. Background: Aeronautical activities led crews to perform several tasks simultaneously in an ergonomic environment under constant change. See and avoid remains one of the main safety tasks during visual flight. However, modern cockpits induce absorption and impair performance of this safety task. Many laboratory studies showed the relevance of training methods for managing dual-task situations and estimating time intervals. Method: A specific virtual environment was developed to expose participants to a dual-task situation in which time-interval emphasis was provided in real time. Two types of emphasis training were tested: a permissive one that allowed participants to pursue the inside-cockpit task beyond the time limit and a nonpermissive one that did not. Results: The best time-interval acquisition, with retention up to 24 hr later, was observed in the nonpermissive condition, but task performances immediately after the training sessions were equivalent across conditions. Conclusion: Time-emphasis training appears to be an efficient means of promoting absorption resistance while preserving task performance. Transferability of time-interval estimation skills has yet to be tested. Application: Most areas of application for absorption resistance (aviation, shipping, rail, road, etc.) could benefit from this type of training to manage multitask situations.